E-commerce Law 2025 (122/2025/QH15)

Pursuant to the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam as amended and supplemented by certain provisions according to Resolution No. 203/2025/QH15;

The National Assembly promulgates the Law on Electronic Commerce.

Chapter I. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1. Scope of regulation

This law stipulates the policy on the development of e-commerce; e-commerce platforms and the responsibilities of organizations and individuals in e-commerce activities; e-commerce with foreign elements; the responsibilities of organizations providing e-commerce support services; the application of technology in managing and handling violations in e-commerce.

Article 2. Subjects of application

This law applies to domestic and foreign organizations and individuals participating in e-commerce activities in Vietnam.

Article 3. Interpretation of terms

In this Law, the terms below are understood as follows:

1. E-commerce activities are commercial activities conducted partly or entirely in an electronic environment.

2. An e-commerce platform is a digital platform established to carry out e-commerce activities, including: direct business e-commerce platforms, intermediary e-commerce platforms, social networks conducting e-commerce, and integrated e-commerce platforms.

3. A direct business e-commerce platform is an e-commerce platform established by an organization or individual to directly sell goods or provide services.

4. An intermediary e-commerce platform is an e-commerce platform that allows other organizations or individuals to register an account to carry out activities of introducing, selling goods, or providing services on that platform itself.

5. Social networks operating e-commerce are social networks that integrate at least one of the functions of online communication, online ordering, or live-stream selling to support contract conclusion and e-commerce activities.

6. An integrated e-commerce platform is an e-commerce platform that allows integration of other e-commerce platforms on that platform itself, excluding platforms that only provide e-commerce support services or online communication for the integrated e-commerce platform itself.

7. The administrator of an e-commerce platform is an organization or individual who has the right to manage, operate, and is responsible for all activities of that platform.

8. The online ordering function is a function of the e-commerce platform that allows the conclusion of electronic contracts on that platform.

9. The online communication function is a function of the e-commerce platform that allows the parties to exchange information through text messages, images, videos, voice messages, make voice calls or video calls.

10. Livestream selling is broadcasting live and online on the e-commerce platform to transmit content in the form of audio and images in order to advertise, introduce goods and services, and allow ordering through the online ordering function on that platform.

11. A livestream seller is a person who directly appears on the e-commerce platform to perform livestream selling.

12. Affiliate marketing services in e-commerce refer to advertising goods and services through access links, referral codes, or similar methods associated with an e-commerce platform.

13. Organizations or individuals providing affiliate marketing services in e-commerce are organizations or individuals who create access links, referral codes, or similar methods to connect with an e-commerce platform.

14. An affiliate marketer in e-commerce is a person who introduces goods or services on a digital platform through access links, referral codes, or similar methods created by organizations or individuals providing affiliate marketing services in e-commerce.

15. Electronic contract authentication services in commerce are third-party services for storing and confirming the integrity of electronic contracts.

16. An automatic contract is an electronic contract concluded through an automated information system.

Article 4. Application of the Law on Electronic Commerce and related laws

1. E-commerce activities in Vietnam shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of this Law, the Commercial Law, other relevant legal regulations, and international treaties to which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a member.

2. Banking services, payment intermediary services, digital platform-based securities business services, commodity exchanges, and online application stores shall be conducted according to the provisions of relevant laws and are not required to comply with the provisions of this Law.

3. The organization of payment services and intermediary payment services supporting e-commerce on digital platforms shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of Article 35 of this Law and other relevant provisions of the law.

Article 5. Principles in e-commerce activities

1. Organizations and individuals participating in e-commerce activities have the right to freely negotiate according to the basic principles of commercial activities, without violating prohibited acts under the law, and without contravening social morality, to establish, execute, and terminate the rights and obligations of each party in the activities.

2. Subjects participating in e-commerce activities must comply with the provisions of this Law, the provisions of the law regarding services, product and goods quality, standards, technical regulations, data, cybersecurity, advertising, taxation, consumer protection, competition, and other relevant legal provisions.

3. E-commerce activities are not limited geographically, except in cases where organizations or individuals voluntarily limit the geographic scope or when otherwise prescribed by law.

4. In cases where the operator of an intermediary e-commerce platform or social network engaging in e-commerce provides information services about goods and services from sellers to consumers on the platform, such operator is considered a third party in providing information under the provisions of law on consumer rights protection.

5. Conducting business in sectors or professions listed in the catalogue of sectors or professions requiring conditional business investment on e-commerce platforms must comply with the provisions of this Law and other laws regulating sectors or professions that require conditional business investment.

6. Dispute resolution in e-commerce is carried out through negotiation, mediation, commercial arbitration, court, or other dispute resolution methods.

Article 6. Prohibited acts in e-commerce activities

1. Committing fraudulent or deceptive acts on e-commerce platforms.

2. Conducting business or facilitating others to conduct business on e-commerce platforms of illegal services, prohibited goods, counterfeit goods, goods infringing intellectual property rights, smuggled goods, goods of unknown origin, goods past their expiration date, goods violating laws on product and goods quality, and other goods violating relevant legal regulations.

Article 7. State management of e-commerce

1. The content of state management of e-commerce includes:

a) Developing, promulgating, and implementing legal normative documents on e-commerce; national e-commerce development policies in each period;

b) Propagating and disseminating policies and laws on e-commerce;

c) Manage and supervise organizations and individuals participating in e-commerce activities; build, manage, operate, and exploit the E-commerce activity management system;

d) Report and compile statistics on e-commerce; research and apply science and technology in e-commerce; manage, supervise, and develop the e-commerce market;

d) Inspect, resolve complaints, and handle violations of laws on e-commerce;

e) Train, foster, and develop human resources for e-commerce activities;

g) International cooperation on e-commerce.

2. The government unifies state management of e-commerce.

Article 8. International cooperation on e-commerce

1. International cooperation activities on e-commerce are carried out on the principle of compliance with Vietnamese law, international treaties, and international agreements on e-commerce to which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a party, based on equality, mutual benefit, and respect for independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity.

2. International cooperation activities on e-commerce include:

a) Signing and implementing international treaties, international agreements, and participating in regional and international organizations on e-commerce;

b) Developing and implementing joint programs and projects on e-commerce within the framework of bilateral, multilateral, regional, and international agreements;

c) Implementing initiatives to promote cross-border e-commerce cooperation; participating in the development of regional and international rules and standards on e-commerce.

Chapter II. POLICY ON E-COMMERCE DEVELOPMENT

Article 9. State policies on e-commerce development

1. The State has mechanisms and policies to develop the domestic e-commerce market, promote the circulation of goods and services, enhance competitiveness, and protect the legal rights and interests of consumers and other entities participating in e-commerce activities.

2. The State supports and develops cross-border e-commerce, expands the international market for Vietnamese goods and services, ensures compliance with international treaties to which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a party, and protects national security, sovereignty, and interests.

3. The state encourages the development of new types and models of e-commerce business; promotes initiatives and innovations, and creates favorable conditions for organizations and individuals to research and apply e-commerce in production, business, and consumption.

4. The state encourages investment in and construction of e-commerce infrastructure, including: digital infrastructure, logistics infrastructure, payment infrastructure, and other infrastructures to comprehensively complete the e-commerce ecosystem.

5. The state has policies for e-commerce development in line with the national orientation and strategy for green and sustainable growth.

6. The state focuses on training, fostering, and developing human resources for e-commerce activities to meet the requirements of e-commerce development, innovation, and national digital transformation.

7. The State allocates resources from the State budget and other legal financial sources as prescribed by law to support programs and tasks for developing e-commerce.

8. The Government stipulates the National E-commerce Day, and the organization of activities in response to the National E-commerce Day.

Article 10. Subjects and specific support policies for e-commerce development

1. Subjects entitled to mechanisms and specific support policies for e-commerce development include:

a) Business households and innovative startup individuals;

b) Cooperatives and cooperative unions operating in agricultural production, processing, and traditional industries;

c) Small and medium-sized enterprises owned by women, enterprises employing a large number of persons with disabilities;

d) Persons with disabilities;

e) Individuals belonging to ethnic minorities;

e) Organizations with headquarters, individuals residing in mountainous areas, border areas, islands, regions with difficult socio-economic conditions, particularly difficult according to the provisions of law.

2. Specific support policies for the subjects specified in paragraph 1 of this Article include:

a) Support for costs of connecting digital infrastructure, setting up a storefront on e-commerce platforms;

b) Free or subsidized costs for training and workshops on e-commerce;

c) Support in carrying out administrative procedures;

d) Facilitate access to preferential policies on national digital transformation and innovation promotion programs;

d) Develop model points for e-commerce in ethnic minority areas and mountainous, border, island regions, regions with difficult socio-economic conditions, particularly difficult.

3. Based on the needs and the socio-economic development situation in each period, the Government and provincial-level local authorities shall detail the subjects, content, and support policies stipulated in points 1 and 2 of this Article.

Chapter III. ELECTRONIC COMMERCE PLATFORM AND THE RESPONSIBILITY

OF ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS IN ACTIVITIES

ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

Section 1. CONTENT TO BE PUBLICLY DISCLOSED ON ELECTRONIC COMMERCE PLATFORMS

Article 11. Content to be disclosed about operational conditions and transaction conditions on electronic commerce platforms

1. The basic content regarding operational conditions that must be publicly disclosed on electronic commerce platforms includes:

a) Information about the administrator of the electronic commerce platform;

b) Privacy policy;

c) Rights and obligations of the parties;

d) Methods of receiving and resolving feedback, requests, and complaints.

2. The content publicly disclosed on the e-commerce platform as stipulated in Clause 1 of this Article must be presented in a visible position on the platform, in Vietnamese, easy to understand, not causing confusion, not violating legal prohibitions, not contrary to social ethics, ensuring equality between parties, and complying with laws on civil, commercial, advertising, competition, consumer protection, and other relevant laws.

3. E-commerce platforms with online ordering functions must comply with the provisions in Clauses 1 and 2 of this Article, publicly disclosing on the e-commerce platform the following transaction condition contents:

a) Content applicable to goods and services in general: pricing policy, including the price of goods and services provided on the platform, types of fees for using services on the platform; conditions or restrictions on selling goods or providing services, including time limits and geographic scope; payment policy; policy on display priority; regulations on livestream sales activities;

b) Content applicable to goods, implemented according to the provisions in point a of this clause, and contents regarding delivery policy, return and refund policy;

c) Content applicable to services, implemented according to the provisions in point a of this clause, and contents regarding service provision methods, service termination policy, and refund policy.

4. The e-commerce platform must have a mechanism for users to express their consent to the provisions specified in Clause 1 of this Article before opening an account on the e-commerce platform.

5. The government shall stipulate in detail Clause 1 and Clause 3 of this Article.

Article 12. Ordering on an e-commerce platform that has online ordering functionality

1. E-commerce platforms with online ordering functions must clearly, fully, and accurately display to the relevant parties the content of the contract agreement and have a mechanism that allows the buyer, before placing an order, to express consent to the provisions specified in Clause 3, Article 11 of this Law and the following contents:

a) Goods or services, quantity, and type;

b) Method and time of delivery, provision of services;

c) The form of promotion applied;

d) Details of the amount to be paid for goods and services, including: the value of goods and services; taxes; shipping costs, and other costs;

đ) Payment methods.

2. E-commerce platforms with online ordering functions must have a mechanism that allows the buyer to review and modify the contents specified in points a, b, c, and đ of Clause 1 of this Article before placing an order.

3. After placing an order, the contents prescribed in Clause 1 of this Article must be displayed and accessible from the buyer's account.

Article 13. Automatic contract conclusion on the e-commerce platform

1. E-commerce platforms that integrate an automated electronic contract conclusion information system must display the contents prescribed in Clause 1, Article 12 of this Law before concluding the contract.

2. The operator of an e-commerce platform that integrates an automated electronic contract conclusion information system is responsible for the technical conditions, ensuring that the automatic conclusion, execution, and termination of contracts are conducted transparently, safely, traceably, and stored.

3. After placing an order, the contents prescribed in Clause 1 of this Article must be displayed and accessible from the buyer's account.

Section 2. MANAGEMENT AND OPERATION OF E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS

Article 14. Management and operation of e-commerce platforms

1. The administrator of an e-commerce platform directly conducting business with online ordering functions shall notify the competent state agency before operating the platform, except in cases specified in Clause 3 of this Article.

2. The administrator of an intermediary e-commerce platform, social network engaging in e-commerce, or integrated e-commerce platform is a legal entity established in accordance with the law, meeting the conditions for management and operation of the e-commerce platform, and shall register with the competent state agency before operating the platform, except in cases specified in Clause 3 of this Article.

3. The administrator of a foreign e-commerce platform conducting e-commerce activities in Vietnam shall comply with the provisions of Clause 1, Article 28 of this Law.

4. The government shall provide detailed regulations on the conditions for managing and operating e-commerce platforms; the authority, sequence, and procedures for notification, amendment, supplementation, and termination of notifications; the authority, sequence, and procedures for registration, amendment, supplementation, and termination of registration of e-commerce platforms.

Article 15. Responsibilities of e-commerce platform administrators

1. E-commerce platform administrators shall perform the following responsibilities:

a) Fully, accurately, and clearly publish content and organize implementation in accordance with the provisions of Article 11 of this Law;

b) Regularly report online through the E-commerce Activity Management System or as requested by competent state management agencies;

c) Take measures to check, review, remove, and promptly handle violations when detected or upon receiving feedback regarding unlawful business activities;

d) Comply with the requirements of competent state agencies in resolving disputes, complaints, investigations, and handling acts of law violations;

(e) Publicly disclose the main selection criteria used when the e-commerce platform uses algorithms or measures to limit or prioritize the display of goods and services.

2. The administrator of the e-commerce platform with online ordering functions shall perform the responsibilities stipulated in Clause 1 of this Article and the provisions in Article 12 of this Law. In the case that the e-commerce platform integrates an automated information system for electronic contract conclusion, the administrator of the e-commerce platform shall perform the responsibilities stipulated in Clause 1 of this Article and the provisions in Article 13 of this Law.

3. The administrator of an intermediary e-commerce platform with the function of online ordering is a large digital platform, and social networks operating e-commerce with the function of online ordering are large digital platforms under the provisions of the law on consumer protection, fulfilling the responsibilities stipulated in Clause 2 of this Article and the responsibility to report online on the results of removal through the E-commerce operation management system.

4. The Government shall provide detailed regulations on this Article.

Article 16. Responsibilities of administrators of direct e-commerce platforms

1. The administrator of a direct e-commerce platform shall fulfill the following responsibilities:

a) The responsibilities stipulated in Article 15 of this Law;

b) Publicly disclose on the e-commerce platform the documents proving that they meet the investment and business conditions for industries and trades with conditional investment and business requirements;

c) Fully disclose information about the service in accordance with relevant legal regulations; information about the quality of products and goods on the e-commerce platform in accordance with the legal regulations on product and goods quality; information that is required to be displayed on product labels in accordance with the law on product labeling, except for information of a special nature displayed on product labels regarding the manufacturing date, expiration date, batch number, chassis number, engine number;

d) Ensure the accessibility of information and data about goods and services posted on the platform for at least 01 year from the date of posting.

2. Administrators of e-commerce platforms that directly conduct business and have the function of online ordering shall perform the following responsibilities:

a) The responsibilities stipulated in Clause 1 of this Article;

b) Ensure the accessibility of information and data related to contracts concluded for at least 03 years from the time the contract is concluded on the platform, except in cases specified in point c of this clause;

c) Innovative startup small and medium-sized enterprises, micro-enterprises, and business households must ensure the accessibility of information and data related to contracts concluded for at least 01 year from the time the contract is concluded on the platform. The duration of application shall not exceed 05 years from the date of establishment;

d) Accept the return of goods in cases where the goods provided do not conform to the content that has been notified, published, listed, advertised, introduced, concluded, or committed on the platform;

d) In cases where defective goods are discovered according to the provisions of the law on consumer protection, the platform administrator must publicly disclose information on the platform, directly notify the purchaser, carry out the recall and handling of defective goods, and compensate for damages as prescribed by the law on consumer protection and other relevant laws.

Article 17. Responsibilities of the intermediary e-commerce platform administrator

1. The intermediary e-commerce platform administrator shall fulfill the following responsibilities:

a) The responsibilities stipulated in Article 15 of this Law;

b) Responsibilities of the intermediary digital platform according to the provisions of the law on electronic transactions and the law on consumer protection;

c) Carry out electronic identity authentication in accordance with the provisions of this Law and the law on identification and electronic authentication before allowing sales. In the case of foreign sellers, identity authentication shall be carried out through legal documents;

d) Publicly disclose the information stipulated in point b, clause 1 and point c, clause 2, Article 21 of this Law provided by the seller;

dd) Review the content information about goods and services created by the seller before allowing it to be displayed on the platform to prevent the sale of illegal goods and services, counterfeit goods, goods infringing intellectual property rights, smuggled goods, and goods with unclear origin;

e) Ensure access to information and data about goods and services posted on the platform for at least 01 year from the date of posting.

2. The administrator of the intermediary e-commerce platform with online ordering functions shall perform the following responsibilities:

a) The responsibilities stipulated in Clause 1 of this Article;

b) Accepting the return of goods in cases where the goods provided by the seller do not comply with the content that has been notified, published, posted, advertised, introduced, concluded, or committed on the platform. The handling of returned goods shall be carried out in accordance with civil law regulations;

c) In the case of discovering goods with defects as stipulated by the law on consumer rights protection, the platform administrator must publicly announce the recall notice of the goods on the platform, directly notify the buyer, and the point of receiving returned goods shall be agreed upon between the seller and the platform administrator. The determination of responsibility, handling of defective goods, and compensation for damages shall be carried out in accordance with civil law, the law on consumer rights protection, and other relevant legal provisions.

d) Provide necessary information to support relevant parties on the platform during the process of resolving reflections, requests, complaints, and disputes;

d) Provide tools for sellers to access their accounts to download data on goods, services, and concluded contract information. In the event that a seller's account is suspended or terminated, the platform administrator ensures that the seller can access the account to download data on contracts that have been concluded previously within 03 years from the time the account is suspended or terminated;

e) Suspend or terminate a seller's account immediately upon receiving a request from a competent state agency;

g) Notify the seller at least 5 days before temporarily suspending, terminating, or imposing any restrictions on the seller's account for a legitimate reason, except in cases specified in point e of this clause;

h) Allow buyers to provide feedback, rate the seller and the goods or services provided by the seller, and display feedback and rating results fully and accurately, except in cases where the feedback or rating violates legal regulations, is against social ethics, or contrary to traditional customs;

i) Ensure access to information and data related to the concluded contract for at least 03 years from the time the contract is concluded on the platform;

k) Be responsible for compensating damages or jointly liable for compensating damages in cases of failure to comply or incomplete compliance with the provisions of this Article that result in damage to the buyer. Compensation for damages shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of civil law and other relevant legal regulations.

3. The administrator of an intermediary e-commerce platform with an online ordering function that is a large digital platform under the provisions of consumer protection law shall perform the following responsibilities:

a) Responsibilities stipulated in Clause 2 of this Article;

b) Have a system to receive and resolve online feedback, requests, and complaints on the platform in accordance with Clause 4 of this Article;

c) Have a system to review, warn, and automatically remove information about goods and services that violate the law; take measures to prevent repeat violations according to the operating conditions published on the platform;

d) Provide, at the request of the competent state agency, transaction data, algorithm descriptions including explanations of design, logic, features, and simulations directly related to behavior with signs of legal violations;

d) In cases where the platform cooperates with organizations providing payment services, intermediary payment services, or logistics services, the platform owner must publicly disclose on the platform information about these service-providing organizations; fully display the names of the organizations providing services that meet the criteria for payment services, intermediary payment services, or logistics services for specific goods and services in accordance with the cooperation agreement between the parties, and allow buyers to choose the organization providing payment services, intermediary payment services, or logistics services.

4. The system for receiving and processing online feedback, requests, and complaints on the platform must meet the following requirements:

(a) Easy to access, user-friendly, allowing users to submit feedback, requests, complaints, and track the progress of resolving feedback, requests, and complaints;

(b) Feedback, requests, and complaints must be handled promptly, without discrimination, based on evidence, electronic transaction data, and relevant legal regulations;

(c) Immediately notify the person submitting the feedback, request, or complaint about the receipt and the process for resolving the feedback, request, or complaint;

(d) Ensure that decisions made are not solely based on automatic mechanisms but must be supervised by humans.

5. The government shall provide detailed regulations on this Article.

Article 18. Responsibilities of the administrators of social networks engaged in e-commerce activities

1. The administrator of a social network operating in e-commerce shall fulfill the following responsibilities:

a) The responsibilities stipulated in Article 15 of this Law;

b) Allow organizations and individuals to choose a seller account when registering and publicly display the seller account indicators.

2. The administrator of a social network operating in e-commerce, whose online communication function integrates tools for notifying contract confirmation or other tools supporting contract conclusion, shall fulfill the following responsibilities:

a) The responsibilities stipulated in Clause 1 of this Article;

b) The responsibility stipulated in Clause 1, Article 17 of this Law;

c) Have a mechanism to store contract conclusion data for at least 03 years from the date of conclusion.

3. The administrator of a social network operating in e-commerce with livestream sales functions and online ordering functions shall fulfill the following responsibilities:

a) The responsibilities stipulated in Clause 1 of this Article;

b) The responsibility stipulated in Clause 2, Article 17 of this Law;

c) Separate e-commerce content associated with the online ordering function into a dedicated category on the platform.

4. Social network operators engaging in e-commerce with an online ordering function, as large digital platforms under consumer protection law, shall perform the following responsibilities:

a) Responsibilities prescribed in Clause 3 of this Article;

b) Responsibilities prescribed in Clause 3, Article 17 of this Law.

5. The government shall provide detailed regulations on this Article.

Article 19. Responsibilities of integrated e-commerce platform operators

1. Integrated e-commerce platform operators shall perform the following responsibilities:

a) The responsibilities stipulated in Article 15 of this Law;

b) Not integrate e-commerce platforms that have been publicly announced by the competent state authority for legal violations on the E-commerce Operation Management System;

c) Clearly inform users about the name of the integrated platform; the rights and obligations of the parties; methods for receiving and handling reflections, requests, and complaints; have a mechanism that allows users to express consent before each time accessing the integrated platform;

d) Develop technical criteria, security measures, and conditions related to authorization, access, control, and data use between parties, ensuring compliance with legal regulations on data;

đ) Have tools that allow the integrated platform to access and use data generated by that platform on the integrated e-commerce platform;

e) Removal upon request of the competent state authority for the platform

the integrated platform has illegal behavior or shows signs of violating the law from the time of receiving the request;

g) Store information and data exchanged between the integrated e-commerce platform and the platform being integrated for at least 3 years;

h) Connect online with the e-commerce operation management system to update the list of integrated e-commerce platforms.

2. The administrator of the integrated e-commerce platform is a major digital platform as prescribed by the law on consumer protection and shall perform the following responsibilities:

a) The responsibilities stipulated in Clause 1 of this Article;

b) Not require the platform being integrated to use services provided or designated by the integrated e-commerce platform as a mandatory condition for integration, except in cases of clear and transparent cooperation agreements;

c) Not prevent the platforms being integrated from conducting business activities or entering into service contracts with other platforms outside the integrated e-commerce platform.

3. The government shall provide detailed regulations on this Article.

Article 20. Responsibilities of the operator of an e-commerce platform integrated into an integrated e-commerce platform

1. Perform the responsibilities of the operator of an e-commerce platform as prescribed in Articles 16, 17, and 18 of this Law corresponding to each model of e-commerce platform.

2. In case of detecting technical errors related to the authorization, access, control, or use of data between parties, the operator of the integrated e-commerce platform must notify the integrated e-commerce platform to remedy the issue from the time of detection in accordance with Government regulations.

Article 21. Responsibilities of sellers on intermediary e-commerce platforms and social networks conducting e-commerce activities

1. Sellers on intermediary e-commerce platforms that do not have online ordering functions, and social networks engaged in e-commerce that do not have online ordering functions, shall perform the following responsibilities:

a) Provide information to the managing entity of the e-commerce platform to serve the verification of the seller's identity;

b) Provide the entity managing the e-commerce platform with information about the name, address

the business locations of the enterprise, business household according to the content of registration already performed with the business registration authority; the name, address of the organization's headquarters; the name, residential address of the individual;

c) Publicize information about services as prescribed by relevant laws; information about the quality of products and goods on the e-commerce platform as prescribed by laws on product and goods quality; information that must be displayed on product labels as prescribed by laws on product labeling, except for information of a specific nature displayed on product labels regarding the date, month, year of manufacture, expiration date, batch number, frame number, engine number;

d) Provide information about e-commerce activities upon request from competent state authorities.

2. Sellers on intermediary e-commerce platforms with online ordering functions, or social networks conducting e-commerce with online ordering functions, shall fulfill the following responsibilities:

a) The responsibilities stipulated in Clause 1 of this Article;

b) Only use their own payment account on the e-commerce platform;

c) Provide the platform operator of the e-commerce platform with full documentation proving compliance with the investment and business conditions for sectors and business lines requiring conditional investment before conducting the sale of goods and provision of services on the platform;

d) In cases where goods are found to have defects as prescribed by the law on consumer rights protection, the seller must provide information about the defective goods to the e-commerce platform operator to publicly disclose the information on the platform, carry out the recall, handling of defective goods, and compensate for damages in accordance with the provisions of the law on consumer rights protection and other relevant legal regulations.

Section 3. LIVESTREAM SALES AND AFFILIATE MARKETING ACTIVITIES

Article 22. Responsibilities of the e-commerce platform operator in livestream sales activities

1. Publicize the operational regulations for livestream selling on the e-commerce platform, including measures for control and prevention.

2. There is a mechanism for receiving and addressing viewers' feedback, requests, and complaints in livestream sales activities, and ensuring that viewers can use this mechanism throughout the livestream sales process and after the livestream sales have ended.

3. There are tools allowing livestream sellers to display warning content during livestream sales for goods and services that pose safety risks or negatively affect the life, health, or property of buyers in accordance with legal regulations.

4. Conduct electronic identity verification of the livestream seller in accordance with this Law and laws on identification and electronic authentication before allowing livestream sales. In the case that the livestream seller is a foreigner, identity verification must be carried out through legal documents.

5. Require the seller to provide a written confirmation of the advertising content for goods and services for which the law requires a written confirmation of advertising content before allowing live-streaming sales.

6. Carry out stopping the live stream, removing displayed information, and links immediately upon detection or at the request of competent state authorities in the following cases:

a) Live-streaming sales content that violates the law or contains language, images, clothing, or behavior contrary to social ethics and customs;

b) Live-streaming sales of goods that are prohibited from circulation and goods temporarily suspended from circulation in the market at the request of competent state authorities; goods and services prohibited from advertising under the provisions of advertising law;

c) The content of livestream sales for goods and services for which the law requires documentation confirming the advertising content when there is no such documentation issued by a competent state authority.

7. Store and ensure the accessibility of information and data regarding images and audio of livestream sales activities for at least 01 year from the start of broadcasting.

Article 23. Responsibilities of the seller in livestream sales activities

1. Before carrying out livestream sales, the seller must provide the livestreamer with the following documents:

a) Documents proving compliance with business investment conditions for industries and trades with conditional business investment before livestream sales;

b) Documents proving compliance with product or goods quality according to the law on product and goods quality.

2. For goods and services which, according to the law, require a written confirmation of advertising content before carrying out advertising, the seller must provide the confirmation document to the platform owner and the livestream seller before conducting a livestream sale. The content of the livestream sale must comply with the confirmed advertising content.

3. Stop cooperation, stop live streaming, and remove displayed information immediately upon detection or at the request of the competent state authority regarding illegal acts.

Article 24. Responsibilities of the livestream seller

1. Provide information to the owner of the e-commerce platform to serve the verification of the livestream seller's identity.

2. Comply with the livestream sales operation regulations that have been publicly announced on the platform during the livestream sale.

3. Refuse to cooperate when the seller does not provide complete information as prescribed in Clauses 1 and 2 of Article 23 of this Law.

4. Do not provide false or misleading information about the use, origin, quality, price, promotional policies, warranty, and other content related to goods and services.

5. Implement advertising content that has been confirmed by the competent state authority for goods and services as required by law to confirm advertising content.

6. Do not use language, images, clothing, or behavior that is contrary to social morality and customs during livestream sales.

7. Stop cooperation, stop live streaming, and remove displayed information immediately upon detection or at the request of the seller or at the request of the competent state authority regarding illegal acts.

Article 25. Responsibilities of organizations and individuals providing affiliate marketing services in e-commerce

1. Before setting up an access path, referral code, or similar method, organizations or individuals providing affiliate marketing services shall perform the following responsibilities:

a) Implement electronic identity verification for the affiliate marketer according to

The law prescribes identification and electronic authentication before allowing affiliate marketing. In case the affiliate marketer is a foreigner, identity verification is done through legal documents;

b) Refuse to provide services for goods and services prohibited from investment and business, goods and services on digital platforms conducted through multi-level marketing methods without a certificate of registration for multi-level sales activity, or as requested by competent state authorities; goods and services that have been publicly announced by competent state authorities as violating the law on the Electronic Commerce Management System.

2. Regarding access links, referral codes, or similar methods that have been established, organizations and individuals providing affiliate marketing services shall perform the following responsibilities:

a) Prevent and remove links for goods and services that violate the law when detected or as requested by competent state authorities;

b) Provide information on affiliate marketing activities in electronic commerce as requested by state management authorities on electronic commerce.

Article 26. Responsibilities of affiliate marketers in e-commerce

1. Before engaging in affiliate marketing, affiliate marketers in e-commerce shall fulfill the following responsibilities:

a) Provide information to organizations or individuals providing affiliate marketing services to facilitate identity verification;

b) Refuse to carry out affiliate marketing on digital platforms that have been publicly announced by competent state authorities to violate laws on national security, order, or social safety, or on digital platforms conducting business under a multi-level method without a certificate of registration for multi-level sales activities;

c) Refuse to carry out affiliate marketing linked to content that uses language, images, clothing, or behavior that is contrary to social morality and customs.

2. For the access link, referral code, or similar method that has been set up, the affiliate marketer in e-commerce performs the following responsibilities:

a) Remove links to goods and services that violate the law or at the request of competent state authorities;

b) Provide information on affiliate marketing activities in electronic commerce as requested by state management authorities on electronic commerce.

Chapter IV. ELECTRONIC COMMERCE WITH FOREIGN ELEMENTS

Article 27. Foreign e-commerce platforms operating in Vietnam

1. Foreign e-commerce platforms operating in Vietnam are foreign e-commerce platforms managed by foreign organizations that operate legally according to the provisions of foreign law and have a mechanism allowing the selection of Vietnamese as the display language or use the Vietnamese national domain ".vn" or reach a transaction threshold with buyers in Vietnam, excluding e-commerce platforms that directly conduct business without online ordering functions.

2. The administrator of a foreign direct e-commerce platform with online ordering functionality as prescribed in Clause 1 of this Article must appoint a legal entity in Vietnam by authorization before the platform selects Vietnamese as the display language or uses the Vietnamese national domain ".vn", or after reaching the transaction threshold with buyers in Vietnam, except in cases where the law provides otherwise.

3. The administrator of an intermediary e-commerce platform without online ordering functionality, or a social network conducting e-commerce without online ordering functionality as prescribed in Clause 1 of this Article, must appoint an authorized representative in Vietnam before the platform selects Vietnamese as the display language or uses the Vietnamese national domain ".vn" and meet the conditions for managing and operating the e-commerce platform.

4. The operator of an intermediary e-commerce platform with an online ordering function, a social network engaged in e-commerce with an online ordering function, or an e-commerce platform integrated with the provisions of clause 1 of this Article must establish a legal entity in Vietnam before the platform selects Vietnamese as the display language or uses the Vietnamese country domain ".vn", or after reaching the transaction threshold with buyers in Vietnam, except in cases where the law provides otherwise.

5. In cases where an international treaty to which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a member has a commitment not to require the establishment of a legal entity, the operator of an intermediary e-commerce platform with online ordering functions, a social network engaged in e-commerce with online ordering functions, or an integrated e-commerce platform that is not required to comply with the provisions in Clause 4 of this Article shall comply with the following provisions:

a) Designate a legal entity in Vietnam by authorization;

b) Make a deposit at a commercial bank in Vietnam or its branch

foreign banks in Vietnam to compensate damages to consumers and fulfill financial obligations to the State;

c) Conditions regarding the management and operation of the e-commerce platform.

6. The entity managing a foreign e-commerce platform that conducts e-commerce activities in Vietnam as prescribed in Clause 1 of this Article shall carry out registration procedures with the competent state authority.

7. The government shall stipulate in detail the transaction threshold with buyers in Vietnam; the conditions for managing and operating e-commerce platforms; escrow arrangements; the authority, order, and procedures for registration, modification, supplementation, and termination of registration of foreign e-commerce platforms with e-commerce activities in Vietnam.

Article 28. Responsibilities of operators of foreign e-commerce platforms with e-commerce activities in Vietnam, sellers, livestream sellers, and affiliate marketers on foreign e-commerce platforms with e-commerce activities in Vietnam

1. Operators of foreign e-commerce platforms with e-commerce activities in Vietnam specified in Article 27 of this Law shall perform the following responsibilities:

a) Responsibilities stipulated in Articles 16, 17, 18, 19, and 22 of this Law corresponding to each e-commerce platform model;

b) Represent foreign sellers on foreign e-commerce platforms that have e-commerce activities in Vietnam in resolving complaints, requests, and disputes of buyers related to goods and services provided by foreign sellers in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other relevant laws.

2. Sellers on foreign e-commerce platforms that have e-commerce activities in Vietnam shall perform the responsibilities specified in Article 21 and Article 23 of this Law.

3. Livestream sellers on foreign e-commerce platforms that have e-commerce activities in Vietnam shall perform the responsibilities specified in Article 24 of this Law.

4. Affiliate marketers on foreign e-commerce platforms that have e-commerce activities in Vietnam shall perform the responsibilities specified in Article 26 of this Law.

Article 29. Responsibilities of the authorized representative in Vietnam for intermediary e-commerce platforms without online ordering functions, social networks engaged in e-commerce without online ordering functions

The authorized representative in Vietnam as stipulated in Clause 3, Article 27 of this Law shall perform the following responsibilities:

1. Must be authorized to carry out legal procedures regarding e-commerce activities with the competent state authorities;

2. Comply with the requests of the competent state authorities to resolve disputes, complaints, investigate, and handle violations of the law;

3. Report online periodically through the E-commerce Operation Management System or as required by the competent state authorities.

Article 30. Responsibilities of legal entities authorized in Vietnam for e-commerce platforms directly conducting business with online ordering functions, intermediary e-commerce platforms with online ordering functions, and social networks engaged in e-commerce with online ordering functions

1. Legal entities authorized in Vietnam as prescribed in Clause 2 and Clause 5, Article 27 of this Law must be authorized to perform the following responsibilities:

a) Carry out legal procedures regarding e-commerce activities with competent state agencies;

b) Conduct inspections, review, and promptly handle any detected or reported violations of the law; remove information about goods and services that violate the law from the moment a request is received from a competent state agency in accordance with Government regulations;

c) Cooperate in addressing reflections, requests, and complaints about goods and services from buyers in Vietnam;

d) Receive information and coordinate the handling of goods provided by sellers that do not match the content that has been notified, announced, posted, advertised, introduced, concluded, and committed on the platform;

d) In the case of detecting goods with defects in accordance with the law on consumer rights protection, the platform manager is required to publicly disclose information on the platform, directly notify the buyer, and coordinate the recall of goods. The determination of responsibility, handling of defective goods, and compensation for damages shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of civil law and consumer rights protection law;

e) Fulfill the responsibilities of the platform manager as prescribed in this Law, the provisions of the laws on data, cybersecurity, product and goods quality, advertising, consumer rights protection, and other relevant legal provisions.

2. Legal entities under authorization in Vietnam as stipulated in Clause 2 and Clause 5, Article 27 of this Law shall perform the following responsibilities with the competent state authority:

a) Comply with the requirements of the competent state agency in resolving disputes, complaints, investigating, and handling acts of law violations;

b) Submit periodic online reports through the e-commerce activity management system or as requested by the competent state agency.

Article 31. Responsibilities of legal entities authorized in Vietnam for integrated e-commerce platforms

1. Legal entities authorized in Vietnam as prescribed in Clause 5, Article 27 of this Law must be authorized to perform the following responsibilities:

a) Responsibilities specified in point a, Clause 1, Article 30 of this Law;

b) Implement compliance measures regarding cross-border data transfer, processing, and personal data protection according to legal regulations;

c) Fulfill the responsibilities prescribed by law regarding data, cybersecurity, and other relevant legal provisions.

2. Legal entities under authorization in Vietnam as prescribed in Clause 5, Article 27 of this Law shall fulfill the responsibilities to competent state agencies as prescribed in Clause 2, Article 30 of this Law.

Article 32. Foreign investment activities in the field of e-commerce

1. The management and operation of intermediary e-commerce platforms, social networks engaging in e-commerce activities, and integrated e-commerce platforms are conditional market access sectors under the list of sectors with restricted market access for foreign investors in accordance with investment law.

2. The Government shall provide detailed regulations on market access conditions for foreign investors as prescribed in Clause 1 of this Article.

Chapter V. RESPONSIBILITIES OF SUPPORT SERVICE PROVIDERS

ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

Article 33. Responsibilities of organizations providing technical infrastructure services to support e-commerce

1. Prevent violations from the time of receiving the request of the competent state authority as prescribed by the Government.

2. Do not provide services for e-commerce platforms that have been publicly announced by competent state authorities as violating the law on the E-commerce Management System.

Article 34. Responsibilities of logistics service providers supporting e-commerce

1. Have mechanisms and measures to check information, dossiers, and documents accompanying goods before transportation; carry out the transportation of goods according to contracts and relevant legal regulations; refuse to transport goods on the prohibited business list, goods of unclear origin, or goods violating other legal regulations when detected or at the request of competent state authorities.

2. Cooperate with the administrators of e-commerce platforms and competent state agencies to inspect and handle cases related to smuggling, commercial fraud; production and trading of counterfeit goods, goods with unclear origin, or goods violating other legal regulations; temporarily suspend logistics services when detecting goods that show signs of legal violations according to government regulations.

3. Provide information and data on the provision of logistics services supporting e-commerce upon the request of competent state agencies to serve the management, inspection, and supervision of e-commerce activities.

4. Do not provide services to e-commerce platforms that have been publicly announced by competent state agencies as violating the law on the E-commerce Activity Management System.

5. In cases where organizations providing logistics services supporting e-commerce collect sales payments on behalf of sellers as agreed, they must provide their payment account information for buyers to choose to make the payment.

6. Allow service users to track the shipping journey, including warehouse location, receiving time, and delivery time, in order to provide information to buyers and sellers on the platform.

7. Provide information about logistics service activities supporting trade

E-commerce according to the requirements of the state management agency on e-commerce.

Article 35. Responsibilities of organizations providing payment services and intermediary payment services supporting e-commerce

1. Provide information on transactions related to payment fraud, scams aimed at appropriating property, tax fraud, smuggling, commercial fraud; trading in prohibited goods, counterfeit goods, goods infringing intellectual property rights, smuggled goods, goods of unclear origin or origin, or goods violating other legal regulations arising through the e-commerce platform at the request of competent state authorities.

2. Do not provide services for e-commerce platforms that have been publicly announced by competent state authorities as violating the law on the E-commerce Management System.

3. Digital platforms providing payment services, intermediary payment services that allow integration with other e-commerce platforms on the same digital platform, the administrator of the digital platform shall fulfill the responsibilities stipulated in clauses 1 and 2 of this Article and the following responsibilities:

a) Clearly notify users about the name of the integrated e-commerce platform, the rights and obligations of the digital platform providing payment services, intermediary payment services, and the integrated e-commerce platform, the method of receiving and resolving feedback, requests, complaints, and have a mechanism that allows users to express consent before each access to the integrated platform;

b) Establish a mechanism that allows buyers to send feedback, requests, complaints to the integrated e-commerce platform;

c) Develop technical, security criteria and conditions related to authorization, access, control, and data usage among parties, ensuring compliance with relevant legal regulations;

d) Remove the integrated e-commerce platform that shows signs of violating the law or is in violation of the law upon receiving a request from the competent state agency as prescribed by the Government.

Article 36. Electronic contract authentication services in commerce

1. An organization providing electronic contract authentication services in commerce shall be granted a business license for electronic contract authentication services in commerce when meeting the following conditions:

a) Conditions for providing trust services according to the provisions of the law on transactions

electronic translation;

b) There are synchronized solutions to connect and authenticate data on electronic contracts in commerce in real time.

2. Organizations providing electronic contract authentication services in commerce shall perform the following responsibilities:

a) Ensure the confidentiality and confirm the integrity of the electronic contracts that they store and authenticate;

b) Provide documents and support competent state agencies in investigating legal violations related to electronic contract authentication services in commerce;

c) Publicly announce the operational regulations for providing electronic contract authentication services in commerce;

d) Connect with the Electronic Commerce Activity Management System to report online on the provision of electronic contract authentication services in commerce as requested;

d) Fully store and ensure the safety of data on electronic contracts concluded through the automated information system.

3. The government shall provide detailed regulations on this Article.

Chapter VI. APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY IN MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING

VIOLATIONS IN ELECTRONIC COMMERCE

Article 37. Electronic Commerce Activity Management System

1. The electronic commerce activity management system is a system built, managed, operated, and exploited by the Ministry of Industry and Trade to synchronously and uniformly manage and develop electronic commerce, and connect with the National Public Service Portal.

2. The electronic commerce activity management system has the following functions:

a) Receive, process, and return results of online administrative procedures in the field of e-commerce nationwide;

b) Receive and resolve feedback, requests, and complaints from organizations and individuals about e-commerce platforms, sellers, and organizations providing e-commerce support services that violate the law;

c) Monitor, analyze, and warn about risks in e-commerce activities;

d) Receive and process reports and e-commerce statistics;

e) Publish the list of e-commerce platforms that have been confirmed for notification and registration; the list of organizations providing electronic contract authentication services in commerce that have been licensed;

e) Publicly announce the list of e-commerce platforms, sellers, and organizations providing e-commerce support services that violate the law.

3. The government shall provide detailed regulations on this Article.

Article 38. Database on E-commerce

1. The e-commerce database shall be built in accordance with the requirements of the national digital architecture framework, ensuring connectivity and data sharing on e-commerce.

2. Ministries, ministerial-level agencies, and local authorities shall implement connectivity and interoperability between national databases, specialized databases, and the e-commerce database. The connectivity and interoperability must ensure efficiency, safety, and compliance with the functions, tasks, and powers prescribed by relevant laws.

3. The administrators of e-commerce platforms, organizations providing e-commerce support services, and related agencies or organizations are responsible for providing and updating information in the e-commerce database, ensuring completeness, truthfulness, timeliness, and accuracy.

4. The Government shall provide detailed regulations on this Article.

Article 39. Handling violations in e-commerce

1. Organizations and individuals participating in e-commerce activities who have acts violating the provisions of this Law shall, depending on the nature, level, and consequences of the violation, be dealt with in the following forms:

a) Administrative fines in accordance with the provisions of the law on handling administrative violations;

b) Block access, temporarily suspend the trading functions of the e-commerce platform; remove content, temporarily suspend, terminate violating accounts on the e-commerce platform; withdraw from the published list of e-commerce platforms that have been confirmed for notification, registration; withdraw from the published list of organizations providing licensed electronic contract authentication services in commerce;

c) Compel the implementation of remedial measures, restore the rights of the relevant parties;

d) Compensate in case of damage to participants in e-commerce according to the provisions of the law;

d) In case e-commerce activities show signs of a crime, they shall be considered for criminal prosecution according to the provisions of the law.

2. The Government shall provide detailed regulations for points a, b, and c of clause 1 of this Article.

Chapter VII. IMPLEMENTATION PROVISIONS

Article 40. Effectiveness

This Law takes effect from July 1, 2026.

Article 41. Transitional Provisions

1. E-commerce websites and e-commerce applications that were confirmed for notification or registration of operation before the effective date of this Law shall continue to conduct e-commerce activities according to the content confirmed in the notification or registration records until June 30, 2027.

2. Organizations providing electronic contract authentication services that were confirmed for registration before the effective date of this Law shall continue their activities until June 30, 2027.

This Law was passed by the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 15th tenure, 10th session, on December 10, 2025.

CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

Tran Thanh Man